Association between phenolic compound exposure and dyslipidemia in the population / 环境与职业医学

Background Phenolic compounds may adversely affect human health, but the current relevant studies are mostly limited to the impact of single phenolic compound exposure on human health, and there is still a lack of studies on the population-based association between combined exposure to multiple common phenolic compounds and dyslipidemia. Objective To explore the association of phenolic compound combined exposure and dyslipidemia based on principal component analysis-random forest (PCA-RF) strategy. Methods The data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). A total of 1301 adult residents aged ≥ 20 years with complete information on demographics and lifestyle, urine phenol concentrations (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, triclocarban, benzophenone, and triclosan), and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were included in this study. The concentrations of six urinary phenolic compounds were determined by solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, and the lipid indicators were determined by enzymatic methods. Principal component analysis combined with random forest model was used for model construction. First, principal component analysis was performed on 18 original variables including 6 phenolic compounds and 12 basic characteristic indicators, and then random forest model was established with dyslipidemia and its four evaluation indicators as dependent variables and the extracted principal components as independent variables, respectively. Results The PCA-RF analysis showed that bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and benzophenone may be important factors for dyslipidemia in the study subjects; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and triclosan may be important factors for TC level in the study subjects; bisphenol A, bisphenol F, triclocarban, and benzophenone may be important factors for TG level in the study subjects; bisphenol A may be an important factor for LDL-C level in the study subjects; bisphenol F and benzophenone may be important factors for HDL-C level in the study subjects. Conclusion Phenolic compound exposure may be an important risk factor for the development of dyslipidemia. PCA-RF strategy can be effectively used to explore the association between phenolic compound exposure and dyslipidemia in the population.

Physico-chemical Characterization and Polyphenolic Composition of Red Wines Produced from Autochthonous Grapes Varieties (Vitis vinifera) in Turkey

Aims: Local varieties of “Hönüsü” and “Horozkaras?” red grapes have been evaluated for the production of red wine and characterized33 for their chemical and sensory characteristics. Study Design: This research was initiated by the Food microbiology researcher and Applications Unit of Fermentation Laboratory. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Fermentation of the Food Engineering Department in Gaziantep University, October 2019 to May 2021. Methodology: All wines were produced by a standard procedure of vinification. Three types of red wines were produced from combinations of red grapes. Ten phenolics were quantitatively detected in the red wines during processing. Brix, alcohol, pH and free SO2 contents were also detected. Results: The results showed that the type of technology affects significantly (p<0.05) the level of phenolic compounds formed during processing. Horozkaras?” red grape contributed to the highest amount of phenolic compounds in red wines. Gaziantep wine provides valuable information about the production of red wine from Gaziantep red grapes. Conclusion: The phenolic compounds of red wines were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of musts. Many of the remarkable features of the phenolic profiles and Brix of grape varieties could help us to characterize Gaziantep wines. The mixture of must from “Hönüsü” and “Horozkaras?” red grapes with 7:3 ratio contributes suitable sugar and phenolic compounds for red wine. The results from this study provide valuable information about the red wine produced from the ancient grape varieties of the Southeast region.

Antioxidant and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Potentials of the Stem Extract of Pternandra galeata / Potenciales antioxidantes e inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa del extracto de tallo de Pternandra galeata

Background: Pternandra galeata belongs to the family Melastomataceae. It is a native flowering plant in Borneo Island that serve as food for monkey habitat. There has been limited study on the medicinal and chemical properties of this plant. Objectives: We investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and evaluated the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Pternandra galeata stem. The total phenolic content in the sample was also determined. Methods: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assays were performed using Ellman's method. Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extract by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method by employing gallic acid as a reference. Results: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stems inhibited the AChE enzyme with an IC50 value of 74.62 ± 0.89 µg/mL.The sample exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 20.21 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 7.68 ± 0.09 µg/mL in the ABTS scavenging assay. The total phenolic content was 164.71 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stem can be a promising cholinesterase inhibitor and antioxidant for treating Alzheimer's disease

Antecedentes: Pternandra galeata pertenece a la familia Melastomataceae. Se trata de una planta con flores nativa de la isla de Borneo que sirve de alimento para el hábitat de los monos. Se han realizado pocos estudios sobre las propiedades medicinales y químicas de esta planta. Objetivos: Se investigó la actividad inhibidora de la acetilcolinesterasa y se evaluó la actividad antioxidante del extracto etanólico del tallo de Pternandra galeata. También se determinó el contenido fenólico total de la muestra. Métodos: Los ensayos de inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) se realizaron mediante el método de Ellman. Se utilizaron dos métodos diferentes para evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los ensayos de 2,2-difenil-1-picril hidrazilo (DPPH) y 2,2'-azinobis-(ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico) (ABTS). El contenido fenólico total se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu empleando el ácido gálico como referencia. Resultados: El extracto etanólico de los tallos de P. galeata inhibió la enzima AChE con un valor IC50 de 74.62 ± 0.89 µg/mL. La muestra mostró actividad antioxidante en el ensayo DPPH con un valor IC50 de 20.21 ± 0.08 µg/mL y 7.68 ± 0.09 µg/mL en el ensayo de barrido ABTS. El contenido fenólico total fue de 164.71 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g de extracto. Conclusión: El extracto etanólico del tallo de P. galeata puede ser un prometedor inhibidor de la colinesterasa y antioxidante para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

The results of Hippophae Rhamnoides L fruit processing technology / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Sea buckthorn (<i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> L.) is a hardy deciduous shrub of family <i>Elaeagnaceae.</i> In traditional medicine, “Sea buckthorn-5” powder medicine and sea buckthorn extract for the treatment of lung diseases,“Sea buckthorn-11” and “Sea buckthorn-17”prsecriptions are used to treat gynecological diseases. Sea buckthorn fruit takes a lot of time to dry and prepare in the traditional way, and a small amount of raw material is obtained. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve and standardize technology.@*Material and method@#The study used “Sea buckthorn fruit” raw material harvested in September 2020 from the Botanical garden of medicinal plants of the Drug research institute and sea buckthorn dry extract purchased from China.Four types of samples were used as Dry fruit of sea buck- thorn (Sample 1), Sea buckthorn seeds (Sample 2), Natural dried sea buckthorn fruit (Sample 3), and sea buckthorn dry extract purchased from China (Sample 4).In each of these four samples, the total carotenoid was measured at 450 nm, the flavonoid at 500 nm, and the phenolic compound at 750 nm using a spectrophotometer.@*Result@#The results show that Sample 1 contains the highest amount of carotenoids 56.29 ± 0.05%, Sample 2 contains the highest amount of flavonoids 32.19 ± 0.05%, and total phenolic compounds 41.67 ± 0.02%.@*Conclusion@#Dry fruit of sea buckthorn (Sample 1) has the highest content of carotenoids, sea buckthorn seeds (Sample 2)have the highest total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds, which is approximately to the content of natural sea buckthorn fruit.

Anti-acanthamoebic activity of methanolic extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves

Aims@#Piper sarmentosum or locally known as Kaduk, is a tropical herb plant that was investigated for its phenolic content by previous researchers. The present study aimed at the analysis of crude methanolic extract of P. sarmentosum leaves for phenolic compounds identification and its anti-amoebic properties against pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii.@*Methodology and results@#Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine P. sarmentosum leaves methanolic extract (PSLME)’s total phenolic content (TPC). The extract was further characterized by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses to determine the chemical constituents in methanolic PSLME extract. The cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated through the determination of inhibition concentration for half of cell population (IC50) of pathogenic A. castellanii followed by cell morphological analysis using inverted light and scanning electron microscopies. Acridine-orange/Propidium iodide (AOPI) staining was also conducted to determine the integrity of cell membrane for quantitative analysis. The results demonstrated that the TPC from PSLME was 142.72 mg [GAE]/g with a total of 33 phenolic compounds identified. The IC50 value obtained for A. castellanii was low (74.64 μg/mL) which indicates promising anti-acanthamoebic activity. Microscopy analyses showed that the plant extract caused cells encystment, in which exhibited by distinctive morphological changes on the cells shape and organelle, as well as shortening of acanthopodia. The dual staining and its quantitative analysis prove compromised membrane integrity in the treated amoeba.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This finding provides the evidence that PSLME contains active phenolic compounds contributing to the anti-acanthamoebic activity on pathogenic Acanthamoeba species.

Phenolic Constituents from Caesalpinia decapetala / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the phenolic constituents from Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston. METHODS: The ethanol crude extract of C. decapetala was fractionalized by using petroleum ether and chloroform. The chloroform part was isolated by a series of chromatography methods, and the structures of purified compounds were elucidated by their physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data. RESULTS: Eleven phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as methyl 2,3,5-trihydroxybenzoate (1), protocatechuic acid methyl ester (2), N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (3), trichostachine (4), cinnamylpiperidine (5), gallic acid (6), methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (7), ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (8), resveratrol(9), 3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxydistyrene (10), and protosappanin A (11). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-5 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Nitric oxide inhibitory and anti-Bacillus activity of phenolic compounds and plant extracts from Mesua species

ABSTRACT Species from the genus Mesua, Calophyllaceae, are rich source for phenolic compounds such as coumarin xanthone, and benzophenone derivatives. An investigation on the potential biologically active phenolic compounds 1-5 and crude extracts from the stem bark of Mesua hexapetala (Hook. f.) P.S. Ashton and Mesua beccariana (Baill.) Kosterm. for nitric oxide inhibitory activity on RAW 264.7 macrophage as well as anti-Bacillus activity on selected Bacillus were carried out. Hexapetarin (1), which we reported as a new compound isolated from M. hexapetala showed very good nitric oxide inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 30.79 ± 2.68 µM. This compound also gave very significant activities towards Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 33019, Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 and Bacillus pumilus ATCC 14884 in disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations assay. Moreover, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,4-di (3-methyl-2-butenyl)xanthone (2) isolated from M. hexapetala showed very significant nitric oxide inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 12.41 ± 0.89 µM and does not exhibit anti-Bacillus activity on four types of Bacillus. Meanwhile, compounds 3-5 were inactive in the nitric oxide activity test and anti-Bacillus assay.

Trace phenolic compounds from Red Yeast Rice / 中国中药杂志

Trace chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate extract of Red Yeast Rice were investigated. Four phenolic compounds were isolated by various column chromatographies, and their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including UV, MS, IR and NMR. The four compounds were identified as 2-methyl-5-(2'R-methyl-4'-hydroxy-butyl)-cinnamic acid(1), 5-(2'-hydroxy-6'-methyl phenyl)-3-methylfuran-2-carboxylic acid(2), daidzein(3), and genistein(4). Compound 1 was new and 2 was firstly discovered from the genus Monascus, while 3-4 were obtained from Red Yeast Rice for the first time.

Linum usitatissimum as an antimicrobial agent and a potential natural healer: A review

@#Linum usitatissimum commonly known as flaxseed is one of the oldest crops traditionally cultivated mainly for its oil purposes. Flaxseed is widely known for its rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. Recently, it has gained considerable interest due to the potential health benefits attributed to its component of metabolites, including its antimicrobial properties. Two main components of flaxseed, the unsaturated fatty acids and lignan, are suggested as the main metabolites that exhibit antimicrobial activities. This paper aims to give an overview on fatty acid and phenolic compound in flaxseed and their possible activities as antimicrobial agents.

Topical or oral treatment of peach flower extract attenuates UV-induced epidermal thickening, matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in hairless mice skin

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a major cause of skin photoaging. Previous studies reported that ethanol extract (PET) of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers (PPF, peach flowers) and its subfractions, particularly the ethylacetate (PEA) and n-butanol extracts (PBT), have potent antioxidant activity and attenuate the UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in human skin cells. In this study, we investigated the protective activity of PPF extract against UV-induced photoaging in a mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS: Hairless mice were treated with PET or a mixture of PEA and PBT either topically or orally along with UV irradiation. Histological changes and biochemical alterations of mouse skin were examined. Major phenolic compounds in PPF extract were analyzed using an ACQUITY UPLC system. RESULTS: The overall effects of topical and oral treatments with PPF extract on the UV-induced skin responses exhibited similar patterns. In both experiments, the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV-induced skin and epidermal thickening, while PET inhibited only the UV-induced epidermal thickening. Treatment of PET or the mixture of PEA and PBT significantly inhibited the UV-induced MMP-13 expression, but not typeⅠ collagen expression. Topical treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT with UV irradiation significantly elevated catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) activities in the skin compared to those in the UV irradiated control group, while oral treatment of the mixture of PEA and PBT or PET elevated only catalase and SOD activities, but not GPx. Thirteen phytochemical compounds including 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, cimicifugic acid E and B, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol glycoside derivatives were identified in the PPF extract. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that treatment with PET or the mixture of PEA and PBT, both topically or orally, attenuates UV-induced photoaging via the cooperative interactions of phenolic components having anti-oxidative and collagen-protective activities.

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and resveratrol content in five cultivars of peanut sprouts

Objective:To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds,antioxidant activity,and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars.Methods:The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars (Kalasinl,Kalasin2,Konkaen,Konkaen4,and Tainan9) were extracted with 80％ ethanol and collected as crude extract.The antioxidant capacities were determined with 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power method.The total phenolic compound was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay.The qualification and quantification of resveratrol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method.Results:Among the five cultivars,a three-day germination of Kalasinl showed the highest phenolic content [(40.67 ± 2.62) μg gallic acid/g dry weight],expressed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant value [(80.51 ± 1.47) mmol/L Trolox/g dry weight],and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant value [(171.33 ± 8.59)mmol/L ascorbic acid/g dry weight].However,the high performance liquid chromatography result of Kalasin2 significantly increased to the highest resveratrol content of (6.44 ± 1.26) μg/g dry weight on the second day of germination.Conclusions:The variation of phytochemical content in the peanut sprout is due to the effect of the peanut cultivar and the germination period.

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and resveratrol content in five cultivars of peanut sprouts

Objective To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars. Methods The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars (Kalasin1, Kalasin2, Konkaen, Konkaen4, and Tainan9) were extracted with 80% ethanol and collected as crude extract. The antioxidant capacities were determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power method. The total phenolic compound was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau assay. The qualification and quantification of resveratrol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method. Results Among the five cultivars, a three-day germination of Kalasin1 showed the highest phenolic content [(40.67 ± 2.62) μg gallic acid/g dry weight], expressed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant value [(80.51 ± 1.47) mmol/L Trolox/g dry weight], and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant value [(171.33 ± 8.59) mmol/L ascorbic acid/g dry weight]. However, the high performance liquid chromatography result of Kalasin2 significantly increased to the highest resveratrol content of (6.44 ± 1.26) μg/g dry weight on the second day of germination. Conclusions The variation of phytochemical content in the peanut sprout is due to the effect of the peanut cultivar and the germination period.

A new caffeate compound from Nardostachys chinensis / 药学学报

A new caffeate compound, (E)-erythro-syringylglyceryl caffeate (1), was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis Batal., together with nine known phenolic compounds, including (+)-licarin A (2), naringenin 4', 7-dimethyl ether (3), pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (4), caraphenol A (5), Z- miyabenol C (6), protocatechuic acid (7), caffeic acid (8), gallic acid (9) and vanillic acid (10). Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, this is the first report of compounds 2, 5 and 6 from Nardostachys genus.

Development of Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds / 分析化学

A fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric method to predict and detect the antioxidant ability of phenolic compounds was developed to accelerate the pace of finding the antioxidant with higher effect and low toxicity. The effect of experimental conditions on the relative peak intensity ratio of M+· ion to [ M+H]+ion in the FAB mass spectra of the compound was investigated, including matrix, scan time and concentration. The correlation of antioxidant activity with the I ( M+· )/I ( [ M+H ]+) value of flavonoids obtained in FAB mass spectra was studied. Then the antioxidant activity of 12 phenolic compounds was predicted using the above method and the results were compared with those obtained from thiobarbituric acid ( TBA) method. The results show that the I( M+· )/I( [ M+H]+) value of the phenolic compound obtained from FAB mass spectra could reflect their antioxidant activity, which could help to accelerate the development of the antioxidant drug.

In vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Analysis of Gallic Acid from the Leaves of Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich.

Aims: To evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of a biologically active compound isolated from the leaves of Ludwigia abyssinica A. Rich. Study Design: Antimicrobial and antioxidant analysis of compound from the n-butanol fraction of plant leaf. Place and Duration of Study: Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife between November 2011 and September 2012. Methodology: Chromatographic and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to isolate and characterize the biologically active compound, respectively. Disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) measurements were used for antimicrobial test. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging assay was used for antioxidant test. Results: The phenolic compound, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, also known as gallic acid was isolated from the n-butanol fraction of L. abyssinica leaf. It showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition in the range 26.67±1.53 to 32.00±1.00 mm for the test bacteria and 6.67±1.15 to 30.33±0.58 mm for the test fungal strains. MIC and MBC values for gallic acid ranged from 12.5 to 200 μg ml-1 and 50 to 400 μg ml-1, respectively, comparing favourably with the standard reference drug used. DPPH radical scavenging activity for the compound was IC50 = 9.38 μg ml-1 compared with IC50 = 27.08μg ml-1 obtained for the standard ascorbic acid. Conclusion: The results show that gallic acid from Ludwigia abyssinica leaves possesses In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and thus the plant has potentials as a source of natural health-giving products, given further investigations

Gastroprotective effect of Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness (tirica-do-nativo) leaf extract against indomethacin-induced gastric injury / Efecto gastroprotector de Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness (tirica-do-Nativo) extracto de hoja contra las lesiones gástricas inducidas por indometacina

Introduction: species of the family Cyperaceae are commonly used by the population to treat gastric disorders.However, there are a few ethnopharmacological studies about this family Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness, Cyperaceae, is one of the most widespread swamp species. Objective: evaluate the gastric activity of L. rigidus and its chemical characterization. Methods: ethanolic extract of L. rigidus (ELR) leaves prepared by percolation was subjected to total polyphenol and flavonoid quantification, as well as HPLC quantification of some flavonoids. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition was determined by colorimetric assays.The gastric effects of ELR were tested in male Wistar rats (n = 6 each group) treated with different doses (600, 60 and 6 mg/kg i.p.) ELR.Gastric lesions were induced by administration of indomethacin (30 mg/kg s.c.).The number of ulcers and the index of mucosal damage (IMD) were determined taking into account the color, edema and bleeding of gastric lesions, the number of petechiae, and the number and size of the ulcers. Statistical analysis of data was performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test; significance was p < 0.05. Results: ELR inhibited the ACE (68.5±18.1%) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL.Oral administration of ELR (6, 60 and 600 mg/kg) showed protective activity against indomethacin-induced gastric injury. Total polyphenols in ELR were 157.7 ± 5.8 mg pirogalol/mg equivalent flavonoids and 66.9 ± 3.1 µg equivalent quercetin/mg. Conclusion: L. rigidus protects against acute gastric damage induced by indomethacin in an independent dose manner.

Introducción: las especies de la familia Cyperaceae popularmente se utilizan para tratar trastornos gástricos. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios etnofarmacológicos sobre esta familia. Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Ness, Cyperaceae, es una de las especies más grandes de población en pantano. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad gástrica de L. rigidus, junto a su caracterización química. Métodos: el extracto etanólico de hojas de L. rigidus (ELR), preparado por percolación fue objeto de cuantificación de polifenoles y flavonoides totales, cuantificación por HPLC de algunos flavonoides. La inhibición de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) se realizó por ensayos colorimétricos. Los efectos gástricos de ELR se llevó a cabo en ratas Wistar macho (n = 6, cada grupo), el tratamiento con diferentes dosis (600, 60 y 6 mg/kg ip) de ELR. Las lesiones gástricas se indujeron mediante la administración de indometacina (30 mg/kg sc). El número de úlceras y signos de puntuación del índice de lesión de las mucosas (IMD) se evaluó teniendo en cuenta el color, edema y hemorragia de las lesiones gástricas, el número de petequias, y el número y tamaño de las úlceras. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante ANOVA 1 vía, seguido por el test de Tukey y significación fue de p < 0,05. Resultados: ELR inhiben la ACE (68,5 ± 18,1 %) a una concentración de 100 mg/mL. La administración oral de ELR (6, 60 y 600 mg/kg) mostró un efecto protector gástrico contra inducido por indometacina. Los polifenoles totales de ELR fue 157,7 ± 5,8 mg equivalente de pirogalol/mg de flavonoides y 66,9 ± 3,1 μg equivalentes de quercetina/mg. Conclusiones: L. rigidus protege contra el daño gástrico agudo inducido por la indometacina en una organización independiente de la dosis.

Quantificação de compostos fenólicos e ácido ascórbico em frutos e polpas congeladas de acerola, caju, goiaba e morango / Quantification of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in fruits and frozen pulp of acerola, cashew, strawberry and guava

O crescente interesse da população pela promoção da saúde vem despertando a atenção dos consumidores por alimentos ricos em antioxidantes, combinado com a praticidade do consumo de sucos de frutos processados. O presente trabalho objetivou quantificar e avaliar a capacidade antioxidante de compostos fenólicos e ácido ascórbico em frutas in natura e polpas congeladas. As frutas in natura e polpas congeladas obtidas na região de Lavras - MG foram submetidas à quantificação de compostos fenólicos e ácido ascórbico e os respectivos extratos acetônico-etanólico e acetônico-metanólico. Foram determinadas suas atividades antioxidantes pelos métodos radicalares DPPH e ABTS. O extrato acetônico-metanólico foi mais efetivo para extrair os compostos antioxidantes das amostras. Apenas as polpas congeladas de acerola apresentaram uma redução do teor de compostos fenólicos em relação ao fruto. Para o teor de ácido ascórbico, houve uma redução nas polpas congeladas de acerola e goiaba. As amostras de acerola apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico e atividade antioxidante em relação aos demais frutos analisados.

The growing public interest in health- promotion, has called the attention of consumers for foods rich in antioxidants, combined with the practicality of the consumption of processed fruit juices. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in fruits "in natura" and frozen pulps. The fruits "in natura" and frozen pulps from region of Lavras-MG, underwent quantification of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and the corresponding extracts acetonic-ethanolic and acetonic-methanolic. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical methods. The extract acetonic-methanolic was more effective to extract the antioxidant compounds from samples. Only frozen acerola pulps showed lower content of phenolic compounds in relation to fruit. For ascorbic acid, there was a reduction in the frozen pulp of acerola and guava. Acerola samples showed higher content of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity compared to other fruits analyzed.

Efeitos quimiopreventivo e antimutagênico in vivo do extrato hidroetanólico de frutos de Carica papaya L. / Chemopreventive and antimutagenic potential in vivo of hydroethanolic fruit extract of Carica papaya L. / Efectos quimiopreventivos y antimutagénicos in vivo del extracto hidroetanólico de frutos de Carica papaya L.

Introdução: os frutos de Carica papaya L. são amplamente consumidos em todo o mundo e no Brasil, porém pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito citotóxico, antimutagênico e quimioprotetor. Objetivos: avaliar o potencial antimutagênico e quimiprotetor de frutos de Carica papaya e quantificar as suas substâncias fenólicas. Métodos: a atividade antimutagênica foi avaliada pelo método de micronúcleo e as substâncias fenólicas foram analisadas pelo método de Folin-Ciacalteau (fenólicos totais), e pelo método colorimétrico cloreto de alumínio (flavonóides totais). Resultados: o extrato hidroetanólico de frutos de Carica papaya possui potencial antimutagênico e quimioprotetor (370 mg/100 g peso corporal). O teor de substâncias fenólicas do extrato hidroetanólico de frutos foi inferior a 0,001 µg/mg. Conclusão: o efeito antimutagênico e quimioprotetor observado nos extratos dos frutos de Carica papaya pode estar associado a outras substâncias. Estudos químicos precisam ser conduzidos para identificar as substâncias envolvidas na atividade.

Introduction: the fruits of Carica papaya L. are widely consumed around the world and in Brazil, but little is known about its cytotoxic, antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects. Objectives: to evaluate the antimutagenic and chemoprotector potential of fruits of Carica papaya and quantify the phenolic substances present in those fruits. Methods: mutagenic activity was evaluated by micronucleus assay and phenolic substances were analyzed by the Folin-Ciacalteau method (total phenolics), and by aluminum chloride colorimetric method (total flavonoids). Results: the hidroetanolic extract of fruits of Carica papaya elicited antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects (370 mg/100 g body weight). The content of phenolic substances of hidroetanolic extract of fruits was lower than 0.001 µg/mg. Conclusions: the antimutagenic and chemoprotector effects observed must be related to other compounds. Chemical studies must be conducted to identify the substances involved in the activity.

Introducción: los frutos de Carica papaya L. son ampliamente consumidos en todo el mundo y en Brasil, pero poco se sabe acerca de su efecto citotóxico, antimutagénico y quimioprotector. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto antimutagénico y quimiprotector de los frutos de Carica papaya y cuantificar las sustancias fenólicas. Métodos: la actividad mutagénica se evaluó por micronúcleos y las sustancias fenólicas se analizaron por el método Folin-Ciacalteau (fenólica), y el método colorimétrico cloruro de aluminio (flavonoides). Resultados: el extracto hidroetanólico de frutas de Carica papaya tiene efecto antimutagénico y quimioprotector (370 mg/100 g de peso corporal). El contenido de sustancias fenólicas de extracto hidroetanólico resultó inferior a 0,001 µg/mg. Conclusión: el efecto antimutagénico y quimioprotector observado en extractos de frutos de Carica papaya puede estar asociado con otras sustancias. Estudios químicos deben llevarse a cabo para identificar las sustancias que intervienen en la actividad.

Optimization of the Extraction Process of Phenolic Antioxidant from Polyalthia Longifolia (Sonn.) Thawaites.

The research was carried out to optimize the extraction conditions of phenolic antioxidant from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia. It was optimized by using L16 orthogonal design of experiment. The effect of single factors such as shaking speed, extraction time, modifier concentration and material ratio on the extraction of the phenolic antioxidant was investigated. The maximum phenolic antioxidant content was obtained under optimum conditions of shaking speed at 200 rpm, shaking time 10 min with material ratio of 1:10 and 80% of ethanol.

The isolation of gallic acid from traditional medicine garidi-5 / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

BackgroundThe preparations of multi-component have been the subject of chemical study for a long time. Therefore, when compounding the preparations of multi-component in traditional medicine, their taste is cautiously relied on, as the power of the one medicine should not be subdued with the power of another. Additionally the properties of the components and their regulating effects on the body systems are also considered. Our research group has been carrying out tests for raw materials,which are contained in multi-component preparations. However, it is a necessity to conduct phytochemical study on multi-component preparations in order to isolate pure biological active compounds and to identify their structure as well as to quantify its amount by modern techniques of analysis.GoalThe aim of the present study was to isolate pure biological active substances from Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 and to elucidate their structures, which was used in Mongolian traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation and as a pain relieving remedy.Objectives:1. To isolate pure substances from Garidi-5 and carry out tests to identify and determine their structure2. To quantify the amount of biological active substances.Materials and MethodsMongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 has been selected as a biological natural product for the study. Garidi-5 is a traditional Mongolian medicine consisting of 5 medicinal herbs, namely Terminalia chebula Retz., Aconitum Kusnezoffii Reichb., Acorus calamus L., Saussurea lappa L., and musk of Moschus moschiferus and manufactured in the Drug factory of Traditional Medical Science Technology and Production Corporation of Mongolia. In this research, in order to determine the total content of phenolic compound was used the Folin–Ciocalteu method, which based on performing dark blue color complex compound. Isolated substance identification was determined by the TLC, UV and IR spectrophotometric methods. Inaddition it was checked melting point of the isolated substance. Determination of Gallic acid30g Garidi-5 was macerated in 60ml 80% methanol at room temperature for 24 h. After extraction, the extract was concentrated and vacuum evaporated. Different solvents from hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were used for theexperiment. All the extracts collected, evaporated and chromatographed on Silica gel column. Future purification of active fractions on Silica gel with methanol yielded the compound G1 which was further characterized as Gallic acid. Total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin–Ciocalteu’s method with slight modification. Gallic acid was used as a standard phenolic compound. Briefly, 1 ml of extract solution contains 1 mg extracts, in a volumetric flask diluted with distilled water (46 ml). One ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added and the content of the flask mixed thoroughly. After 3 min, 3 ml of Na2CO3 (2%) was added and then the mixture was allowed to stand for 2 h with intermittent shaking. The absorbance was measured at 760 nm in a spectrophotometer. All measurements were performed in triplicate.ResultsIn this research, TLC method on silica gel plates was used in order to identify the biological active pure substances from Garidi-5. Preliminary TLC experiments indicated the presence of Gallic acid in Garidi-5, which was isolated by column chromatography by comparing with reference standard substance (Gallic acid). Gallic acid was determined in the solvent system benzole-ethyl acetateformic acid- acetone (5:5:2:0.5) in isolated substance (G1). It showed blue color, Rf =0.65, on TLC plate. [1] For the characterization of two samples it was carried out IR analysis for each. In the IR spectra of G1 and standard substance can be recognized by the following absorption frequency regions: 700-900 cm-1 for Car-H; 1000-1300 cm-1 for vibration of bonds in various oxygen containing groups, 1350-1470 cm-1 for vibrations of –CH, -CH2 and –CH3 groups; 1500-1630 cm-1 for skeletal vibrations of aromatic rings, >C=O bonds; 2800-2950 cm-1 for stretching vibrations of –CH, -CH2 and -CH3 groups in saturated aliphatic structures; and 3030-3350 cm-1 for stretching associated vibrations of -OH groups in aromatic rings and aliphatic structures. As a result it was revealed that both IR spectra of G1 and standard substances were similar. [3]Further for the characterization of two samples it was carried out UV analysis of each. In the UV spectra of G1 and standard substance can be recognized by the following absorption frequency regions: 260-280nm for benzole groups; 200-225nm for carbonic acids; 400-770nm >C=O bonds, which reveal the presence of Gallic acid. In addition, melting point of isolated substance G1 was analyzed and detected at 2410C, which was similar to the standard substance’s melting point. [4]Moreover, Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 contains 24% of the biological active substance (total phenolic compounds). [2]Conclusions:As a result of current study on Mongolian medicine Garidi-5, it was isolated one essential substance from ethyl acetate fraction. The phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of Gallic acid in Garidi- 5, which was determined by thin layer chromatography, UV and IR spectrophotometric methods. Mongolian traditional medicine Garidi-5 contains 24% of the biological active substance. Thus, the isolation of Gallic acid from multi-component preparations and identification of its structure was first phytochemical study conducted in our laboratory.